ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

CLAUSE is a group of words that consists of at least a subject and predicate which are meaningless.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE is clause that function as an adjective. it explains noun, either as subject or object. Clause will function as an adjective, answering questions such as "what kind?", "how many?" or "which one?".

The adjective clause in English will follow one of these patterns:

• Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Verb] + Subject + Verb

This is the ball that I was bouncing.

• Relative Adverb + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)

That is the house where I grew up.

That is the house where I met her.

• Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)

That is the person who hiccuped.

That is the person who saw me.

• Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Preposition] + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb) + Preposition

That is the person who(m) I was talking about.

That is the person who(m) I was telling you about.

• Preposition + Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Preposition] + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)

That is the person about whom I was talking.

That is the person about whom I was telling you.

• Possessive Relative Pronoun + Noun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)

That is the dog whose big brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.

That is the dog whose big brown eyes begged me for another cookie.

• Possessive Relative Pronoun + Noun [Functioning as Object of Verb] + Subject + Verb

That is the person whose car I saw.

NOUN PHRASE

PHRASE is a group of words that do not consists of subject and predicate which are meaningless.

NOUN PHRASE is a phrase that function as a noun

Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("premodified" if the modifier appears before the noun; "post modified" if the modifier follows the noun). Possible modifiers include:

·         determiners: articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), numerals (two, five, etc.), possessives (my, their, etc.), and quantifiers (some, many, etc.). In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;

·         adjectives (the red ball); or

·         complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics), or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round);

·         modifiers; pre-modifiers if before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady), or post-modifiers if after the noun. A post modifier may be either a prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative clause (the house where I live). The difference between modifiers and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun; complements are necessary, whereas modifiers are optional because they add information about the noun.

Example:

1.         The blonde girl shouts

2.         She kissed the man

3.         An old woman beside my mother is Marry

GERUND

V-ing sebagai kata benda (noun):

• V-ing              >> aktif
• Being + V3     >> pasif
• Being + sifat   >> keterangan (state) 

A. SEBAGAI SUBJEK
    
    Contoh:

• Running along Malioboro street is my routine activity every morning.
• Distrubing the boys will make them angry.

 B. SEBAGAI OBJEK (SETELAH) PREPOSISI DAN KATA KERJA TERTENTU.

1. Preposisi (Kata depan) :

          on, in, at, of, off, before, after, againts, etc.
          
          Contoh:

• He is interested in learning French.
• The girl is afraid of being left alone.

                 
          To + gerund    O, Be OLACU   (baca: O, biolaku)
                           
                                 Object to                         = keberatan
                                 BE Opposed to                = menentang
                                 Be Look (ing) forward to   = menanti-nantikan
                                 Be ACcustomed to           = terbiasa
                                 Be Used to                      = terbiasa
         
Contoh:

• We are opposed to working overtime without additional payment.

SOAL-SOAL

1. Facing hard times, people with very low income are looking forward to __________ by the well-to-do in getting the daily necessities.

         (A) support        
         (B) supporting
         (C) being supported
         (D) supported
         (E) be supporting

    2.  In her letter my friend said that she was looking forward __________ from me again.
     
         (A) to hearing
         (B) to hear
         (C) hearing
         (D) having heard
         (E) to be heard

         Answer keys: 1. (C), 2. (A)